Game da Hideo Ikeda:
An haifi dan asalin lardin Fukuoka na kasar Japan a shekarar 1935. Ya zo kasar Sin a shekarar 1997, ya kuma karanci ilmin Sinanci da aikin gona a jami'ar Shandong.Tun daga 2002, ya yi aiki tare da Makarantar Noma, Jami'ar Aikin Noma ta Shandong, Kwalejin Kimiyyar Noma ta Shandong, da wasu wurare a Shouguang da Feicheng.Sassan kasuwanci da ma'aikatun kananan hukumomin da abin ya shafa sun yi nazari tare da yin nazari kan matsalolin noman noma a Shandong, kuma sun tsunduma cikin yin rigakafi da kula da cututtukan da ke haddasa kasa da inganta kasa, da kuma binciken da ya shafi noman strawberry.A cikin Shouguang City, Jinan City, Tai'an City, Feicheng City, Qufu City, da sauran wurare don jagorantar samar da takin gargajiya, inganta ƙasa, kula da cututtuka na ƙasa, da noman strawberry.A watan Fabrairun 2010, ya sami takardar shaidar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasashen waje (nau'in: tattalin arziki da fasaha) wanda hukumar kula da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun harkokin waje ta jamhuriyar jama'ar Sin ta bayar.
1. Gabatarwa
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kalmar "Green Food" ta shahara cikin sauri, kuma sha'awar masu amfani da su na cin "abinci mai aminci da za a iya ci da karfin gwiwa" yana ƙara ƙara da ƙarfi.
Dalilin da ya sa noman kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke samar da koren abinci, ya ja hankali sosai, shi ne tushen tsarin noma da ya zama babban jigon noman zamani, wanda ya fara a rabin na biyu na karni na 20 tare da yawan amfani da takin zamani da sinadarai. magungunan kashe qwari.
Yaɗuwar takin mai magani ya haifar da koma baya ga takin zamani, sannan ya biyo bayan raguwar amfanin gonakin noma.Wannan yana tasiri sosai ga inganci da amfanin amfanin gona.Kayayyakin noma da ake nomawa a kasa ba tare da samar da amfanin gona ba ba su da lafiya, suna fuskantar matsaloli kamar ragowar maganin kashe kwari, da rasa ainihin dandanon amfanin gona.Tare da haɓaka matsayin rayuwar mutane, waɗannan sune mahimman dalilan da yasa masu amfani ke buƙatar "aminci da abinci mai daɗi".
Noman halitta ba sabon masana'antu ba ne.Har zuwa lokacin gabatar da takin mai magani a rabin na biyu na karnin da ya gabata, hanya ce ta noma ta gama gari a ko'ina.Musamman takin kasar Sin yana da tarihin shekaru 4,000.A wannan lokacin, noman kwayoyin halitta, dangane da aikace-aikacen takin, ya ba da damar kiyaye ƙasa mai lafiya da albarkatu.Amma an lalata ta da kasa da shekaru 50 na noman zamani wanda takin zamani ya mamaye shi.Wannan ya haifar da mummunan halin da ake ciki a yau.
Don shawo kan wannan mummunan yanayi, dole ne mu koyi daga tarihi kuma mu hada fasahar zamani don gina sabon nau'in noma, ta haka ne za a bude hanyar noma mai dorewa.
2. Taki da takin zamani
Chemical takin mai magani yana da halaye na abubuwa da yawa na taki, ingancin taki mai yawa, da saurin tasiri.Bugu da ƙari, samfuran da aka sarrafa suna da sauƙin amfani, kuma ana buƙatar ƙaramin adadin kawai, kuma nauyin aiki ma ƙananan ne, don haka akwai fa'idodi da yawa.Lalacewar wannan taki shine cewa bai ƙunshi humus na kwayoyin halitta ba.
Duk da cewa takin gabaɗaya yana da ƴan abubuwan da suka shafi taki da ƙarshen taki, fa'idarsa ita ce ta ƙunshi abubuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar halittu, kamar hummus, amino acid, bitamin, da abubuwan ganowa.Waɗannan su ne abubuwan da ke kwatanta aikin noma.
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na takin zamani sune abubuwan da ake samarwa ta hanyar bazuwar kwayoyin halitta ta kwayoyin halitta, wadanda ba a samun su a cikin takin gargajiya.
3. Amfanin takin zamani
A halin yanzu, akwai adadi mai yawa na “sharar jiki” daga al’ummar ’yan Adam, kamar sharar gida, najasa, da sharar gida daga masana’antar noma da kiwo.Wannan ba wai kawai yana haifar da almubazzaranci ba har ma yana kawo manyan matsalolin zamantakewa.Yawancin su ana ƙone su ko kuma an binne su a matsayin sharar da ba ta da amfani.Wadannan abubuwan da aka yi watsi da su a karshe sun zama muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbacewar iska, da gurbatar ruwa, da sauran hadurran da ke haifar da illa ga al'umma.
Yin maganin takin waɗannan sharar gida yana da yuwuwar magance matsalolin da ke sama.Tarihi ya gaya mana cewa "dukkan kwayoyin halitta daga ƙasa suna komawa cikin ƙasa" shine yanayin zagayowar da ya fi dacewa da dokokin yanayi, kuma yana da amfani kuma marar lahani ga 'yan adam.
Sai kawai lokacin da "ƙasa, tsire-tsire, dabbobi, da mutane" suka samar da sarkar halitta mai lafiya, za a iya tabbatar da lafiyar ɗan adam.Lokacin da muhalli da lafiya suka inganta, sha'awar da ɗan adam ke morewa zai amfani al'ummominmu na gaba, kuma albarkar ba ta da iyaka.
4. Matsayi da ingancin takin zamani
Tsirrai masu lafiya suna girma a cikin muhalli masu lafiya.Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan shine ƙasa.Takin yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan inganta ƙasa yayin da taki ba sa.
Lokacin inganta ƙasa don ƙirƙirar ƙasa mai lafiya, mafi buƙatar la'akari shine "na jiki", "biological", da "sinadari" waɗannan abubuwa guda uku.An taƙaita abubuwan kamar haka:
Kaddarorin jiki: samun iska, magudanar ruwa, riƙe ruwa, da sauransu.
Halittu: Yana lalata kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa, samar da abinci mai gina jiki, samar da tari, hana cututtukan ƙasa, da haɓaka ingancin amfanin gona.
Chemical: Abubuwan sinadarai irin su sinadaran ƙasa (masu gina jiki), ƙimar pH (acidity), da CEC (tsayawa mai gina jiki).
Lokacin inganta ƙasa da haɓaka samar da ƙasa mai lafiya, yana da mahimmanci a ba da fifiko ga ukun da ke sama.Musamman, tsari na gabaɗaya shine a fara daidaita abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa, sannan a yi la'akari da kaddarorin halittunta da sinadarai a kan haka.
⑴ inganta jiki
Humus da aka samar a cikin tsarin bazuwar kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na iya inganta samuwar granulation na ƙasa, kuma akwai manya da ƙananan pores a cikin ƙasa.Yana iya yin tasiri kamar haka:
Aeration: ta hanyar manya da ƙananan pores, ana ba da iskar da ake bukata don tushen shuka da numfashi na microbial.
Magudanar ruwa: Ruwa cikin sauƙi yana shiga ƙasa ta hanyar manyan pores, yana kawar da lalacewar daɗaɗɗen zafi mai yawa (ruɓaɓɓen tushen, rashin iska).Lokacin ban ruwa, saman ba zai tara ruwa don haifar da ƙazantar ruwa ko asara ba, wanda ke inganta ƙimar amfani da ruwa.
Riƙewar ruwa: Ƙananan pores suna da tasirin riƙe ruwa, wanda zai iya ba da ruwa ga tushen na dogon lokaci, don haka inganta juriya na fari na ƙasa.
(2) Ingantaccen Halittu
Nau'in nau'in halittu da adadin halittun ƙasa (kwayoyin halitta da ƙananan dabbobi, da dai sauransu) waɗanda ke ciyar da kwayoyin halitta sun karu sosai, kuma tsarin nazarin halittu ya zama mai ban sha'awa da wadata.Kwayoyin halitta suna lalacewa zuwa abubuwan gina jiki don amfanin gona ta hanyar aikin waɗannan kwayoyin ƙasa.Bugu da ƙari, a ƙarƙashin aikin humus da aka samar a cikin wannan tsari, matakin haɓakar ƙasa yana ƙaruwa, kuma an kafa pores da yawa a cikin ƙasa.
Hana ƙwari da cututtuka: Bayan yanayin ilimin halitta ya bambanta, ana iya hana yaduwar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa ta hanyar gaba da juna.Sakamakon haka, ana kuma sarrafa abubuwan da suka faru na kwari da cututtuka.
Ƙirƙirar abubuwa masu haɓaka girma: Ƙarƙashin aikin ƙwayoyin cuta, ana samar da abubuwa masu haɓaka girma masu amfani don inganta ingancin amfanin gona, irin su amino acid, bitamin, da enzymes.
Inganta ƙasa agglomeration: The m abubuwa, excrement, ragowar, da dai sauransu samar da microorganisms zama binders ga ƙasa barbashi, da inganta ƙasa agglomeration.
Rushewar abubuwa masu cutarwa: ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da aikin ruɓewa, tsarkake abubuwa masu cutarwa, da hana haɓakar abubuwa.
(3) Ingantaccen sinadarai
Tunda ɓangarorin yumbu na humus da ƙasa suma suna da CEC (ƙarar ƙaura tushe: riƙewar abinci), aikace-aikacen takin na iya inganta haɓakar ƙasa kuma yana taka rawar gani a ingantaccen taki.
Haɓaka riƙe haifuwa: Asalin CEC na ƙasa da humus CEC ya isa don inganta riƙe abubuwan taki.Za a iya samar da abubuwan da aka adana taki a hankali bisa ga buƙatun amfanin gona, don haka ƙara haɓakar taki.
Tasirin Buffering: Ko da takin yana da yawa saboda ana iya adana kayan aikin takin na ɗan lokaci, amfanin gona ba zai lalace ta hanyar ƙonewa ba.
Ƙarin abubuwan da aka gano: Baya ga N, P, K, Ca, Mg da sauran abubuwan da ake bukata don ci gaban shuka, sharar gida daga tsire-tsire, da dai sauransu, sun ƙunshi alama kuma S, Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mn, Mo , da sauransu, waɗanda aka sake dawo da su cikin ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da takin.Don fahimtar mahimmancin wannan, kawai muna buƙatar duba abubuwan da ke biyowa: gandun daji na halitta suna amfani da carbohydrates na photoynthetic da abubuwan gina jiki da kuma ruwan da tushen ya sha don ci gaban shuka, sannan kuma suna taruwa daga faɗuwar ganye da rassan cikin ƙasa.Humus da aka kafa a ƙasa yana ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki don haɓaka haifuwa (girma).
⑷ Tasirin ƙara ƙarancin hasken rana
Sakamakon bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa baya ga abubuwan ingantawa da aka ambata a sama, takin yana da tasirin shan carbohydrates masu narkewa daga ruwa kai tsaye (amino acid, da sauransu) daga tushen don haɓaka ingantaccen ci gaban amfanin gona.Akwai ƙarshe a cikin ka'idar da ta gabata cewa tushen tsire-tsire ba zai iya ɗaukar abubuwan gina jiki ba kawai kamar nitrogen da phosphoric acid ba, amma ba zai iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin carbohydrates ba.
Kamar yadda muka sani, tsire-tsire suna samar da carbohydrates ta hanyar photosynthesis, ta haka ne ke samar da kyallen jikin jiki da samun makamashin da ake bukata don girma.Saboda haka, tare da ƙarancin haske, photosynthesis yana jinkirin kuma ci gaban lafiya ba zai yiwu ba.Duk da haka, idan "carbohydrates za a iya tunawa daga tushen", ƙananan photosynthesis da ke haifar da rashin isasshen hasken rana za a iya rama shi ta hanyar carbohydrates da aka sha daga tushen.Wannan wani abu ne sananne a wajen wasu ma’aikatan noma, wato noman kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da takin ba ya yin tasiri sakamakon rashin hasken rana a lokacin rani mai sanyi ko shekaru na bala’o’i, kuma hakika inganci da yawa sun fi noman takin zamani. a kimiyance ya tabbatar.hujja.
5. Rarraba kashi uku na ƙasa da rawar tushen
A cikin tsarin inganta ƙasa tare da takin, ma'auni mai mahimmanci shine "rarrabuwar ƙasa mai kashi uku", wato, rabon ɓangarorin ƙasa (lokaci mai ƙarfi), danshin ƙasa (lokacin ruwa), da iska ƙasa (lokacin iska). ) a cikin ƙasa.Don amfanin gona da microorganisms, daidaitaccen rarraba kashi uku shine kusan 40% a cikin lokaci mai ƙarfi, 30% a cikin lokacin ruwa, da 30% a cikin yanayin iska.Dukansu yanayin ruwa da yanayin iska suna wakiltar abun ciki na pores a cikin ƙasa, yanayin ruwa yana wakiltar abubuwan da ke cikin ƙananan pores waɗanda ke riƙe da ruwa na capillary, kuma yanayin iska yana wakiltar adadin manyan pores wanda ke sauƙaƙe yanayin iska da magudanar ruwa.
Kamar yadda kowa ya sani, yawancin tushen amfanin gona sun fi son 30 ~ 35% na adadin iska, wanda ke da alaƙa da rawar da tushen yake.Tushen amfanin gona yana girma ta hanyar hako manyan pores, don haka tushen tsarin yana da kyau.Don ɗaukar iskar oxygen don saduwa da ayyukan haɓaka mai ƙarfi, dole ne a tabbatar da isasshen manyan pores.Inda saiwar ta miqe, sai su tunkari ramukan da ke cike da ruwan capillary, inda ruwa ke shiga ta hanyar gashin da ke gaban tushen saiwar, gashin tushen zai iya shiga kashi goma ko uku bisa dari na millimita na kananan pores.
A gefe guda kuma, takin da ake amfani da su a ƙasa na ɗan lokaci ana adana shi a cikin ɓangarorin yumbu a cikin barbashi ƙasa da kuma cikin humus na ƙasa, sannan a hankali ya narke a cikin ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa capillaries, wanda saiwar gashi ya sha tare tare. da ruwa.A wannan lokacin, abubuwan gina jiki suna motsawa zuwa tushen su ta cikin ruwan da ke cikin capillary, wanda shine lokaci na ruwa, kuma amfanin gona yana fadada tushen kuma ya kusanci wurin da abubuwan gina jiki suke.Ta wannan hanyar, ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki suna shiga cikin kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar hulɗar manyan ramuka masu kyau, ƙananan ramuka, da tushen tushen gashi da tushen gashi.
Bugu da ƙari, carbohydrates da ake samu ta hanyar photosynthesis da iskar oxygen da tushen amfanin gona ke sha za su samar da tushen acid a cikin tushen amfanin gona.Tushen tushen acid yana sanya ma'adanai marasa narkewa a kusa da tushen su narkewa kuma su sha, su zama abubuwan gina jiki da ake buƙata don haɓaka amfanin gona.
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Lokacin aikawa: Afrilu-19-2022