Ka'idar takin halitta fermentation

1. Bayani

Duk wani nau'i na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun samar da takin zamani dole ne ya bi ta tsarin hadi.Takin zamani wani tsari ne wanda kwayoyin halitta ke lalacewa da kuma daidaita su ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi don samar da samfurin da ya dace da amfani da ƙasa.

Takin zamani, dadaddiyar hanya ce mai sauki ta magance sharar kwayoyin halitta da samar da taki, ya ja hankalin kasashe da dama saboda muhimmancinsa, yana kuma kawo alfanu ga noma.An ba da rahoton cewa ana iya shawo kan cututtukan da ke haifar da ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da takin da ya lalace a matsayin shimfidar iri.Bayan yanayin zafi mai zafi na tsarin aikin takin, adadin ƙwayoyin cuta na antagonist na iya kaiwa matsayi mai girma, ba shi da sauƙin rubewa, kwanciyar hankali, da sauƙin amfani da amfanin gona.A halin yanzu, aikin ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rage yawan guba na karafa masu nauyi a cikin wani yanki.Ana iya ganin takin zamani hanya ce mai sauƙi kuma mai inganci don samar da takin zamani, wanda ke da fa'ida ga bunƙasa noma. 

Me yasa taki yake aiki haka?Mai zuwa shine cikakken bayanin ƙa'idodin takin zamani:

 2. Ka'idar takin halitta fermentation

2.1 Canjawar kwayoyin halitta yayin takin

Canjin kwayoyin halitta a cikin takin karkashin aikin kwayoyin halitta za a iya takaita shi zuwa matakai biyu: daya shine ma'adinan kwayoyin halitta, wato, bazuwar kwayoyin halitta masu rikitarwa zuwa abubuwa masu sauki, ɗayan shine tsarin ƙasƙanci na kwayoyin halitta. wato, rugujewa da haɗin kwayoyin halitta don samar da ƙarin hadaddun kwayoyin halitta na musamman-humus.Ana aiwatar da matakai guda biyu a lokaci guda amma a sabanin hanya.A ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban, ƙarfin kowane tsari ya bambanta.

2.1.1 Mineralization na kwayoyin halitta

• Rushewar kwayoyin halitta marasa nitrogen

Polysaccharide mahadi (sitaci, cellulose, hemicellulose) an farko hydrolyzed cikin monosaccharides ta hydrolytic enzymes boye ta microorganisms.Abubuwan tsaka-tsaki irin su barasa, acetic acid, da oxalic acid ba su da sauƙin tarawa, kuma a ƙarshe sun samar da CO₂ da H₂O, kuma sun fitar da makamashi mai yawa na zafi.Idan iska ba shi da kyau, a ƙarƙashin aikin microbe, monosaccharide zai bazu sannu a hankali, ya haifar da ƙananan zafi, kuma ya tara wasu samfurori na tsaka-tsaki-kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta.A ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana gas, ana iya samar da rage abubuwa kamar CH₄ da H₂.

• Rushewa daga kwayoyin halitta mai dauke da nitrogen

Abubuwan da ke kunshe da sinadarin Nitrogen a cikin takin sun hada da furotin, amino acid, alkaloids, hummus, da sauransu.Ban da humus, yawancin suna cikin sauƙi bazuwa.Misali, sunadaran, a karkashin aikin wani sinadarin da kwayoyin halitta ke fitar da su, yana raguwa mataki-mataki, yana samar da amino acid iri-iri, sannan ya samar da gishirin ammonium da nitrate bi da bi ta hanyar ammonium da nitration, wanda tsire-tsire za su iya sha kuma su yi amfani da su.

• Canji na kwayoyin halitta masu dauke da phosphorus a cikin takin

A ƙarƙashin aikin nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na saprophytic, suna samar da phosphoric acid, wanda ya zama mai gina jiki wanda tsire-tsire zai iya sha da amfani.

• Juyawa na kwayoyin halitta mai dauke da sulfur

Sulfur-dauke da kwayoyin halitta a cikin takin, ta hanyar aikin ƙwayoyin cuta don samar da hydrogen sulfide.Hydrogen sulfide yana da sauƙin tarawa a cikin yanayin iskar da ba ta so, kuma yana iya zama mai guba ga tsirrai da ƙwayoyin cuta.Amma a cikin yanayi mai kyau, hydrogen sulfide yana oxidized zuwa sulfuric acid a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙwayoyin sulfur kuma yana amsawa tare da tushe na takin don samar da sulfate, wanda ba wai kawai yana kawar da gubar hydrogen sulfide ba, kuma ya zama sulfur na gina jiki wanda tsire-tsire za su iya sha.A karkashin yanayin rashin samun iska, sulfation ya faru, wanda ya sa H₂ ya ɓace kuma ya guba shuka.A cikin aikin takin takin, ana iya inganta iskar takin ta hanyar jujjuya takin akai-akai, don haka ana iya kawar da maganin sulfur.

• Juyawar lipids da mahadi masu kamshi

Irin su tannin da resin, suna da rikitarwa kuma suna jinkirin rubewa, kuma samfuran ƙarshe su ma CO₂ kuma ruwa Lignin wani barga mai ƙarfi ne wanda ke ɗauke da kayan shuka (kamar haushi, sawdust, da sauransu) a cikin takin.Yana da matukar wahala a rugujewa saboda hadadden tsarinsa da tsakiya mai kamshi.A karkashin yanayin yanayi mai kyau, za a iya canza tsakiya na aromatic zuwa mahadi na quinoid ta hanyar aikin fungi da Actinomycetes, wanda shine daya daga cikin albarkatun kasa don resynthesis na humus.Tabbas, waɗannan abubuwa za su ci gaba da rushewa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi.

A taƙaice, ma'adinan abubuwan da aka ƙera na iya samar da abubuwan gina jiki masu saurin aiwatarwa don amfanin gona da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, samar da makamashi don ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma shirya kayan yau da kullun don ƙasƙantar da kwayoyin halitta.Lokacin da takin ya mamaye takin ƙwayoyin cuta na aerobic, kwayoyin halitta da sauri suna yin ma'adinai don samar da ƙarin carbon dioxide, ruwa, da sauran abubuwan gina jiki, bazuwa da sauri kuma sosai, kuma yana sakin makamashi mai yawa na zafi Bazuwar kwayoyin halitta yana jinkirin kuma sau da yawa bai cika ba, yana sakin ƙasa kaɗan. makamashin zafi, da kuma abubuwan da ke lalata su baya ga abubuwan gina jiki na shuka, yana da sauƙin tara sinadarai da sinadarai masu rage rage kuzari kamar CH₄, H₂S, PH₃, H₂, da sauransu.Tushen takin a lokacin fermentation don haka ana nufin canza nau'in ayyukan ƙwayoyin cuta don kawar da abubuwa masu cutarwa.

2.1.2 Humification na kwayoyin halitta

Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da samuwar humus, wanda za'a iya raba kusan zuwa matakai biyu: mataki na farko, lokacin da ragowar kwayoyin halitta suka rushe don samar da albarkatun da suka hada da kwayoyin humus, a mataki na biyu, polyphenol ya zama oxidized zuwa quinone. ta hanyar Polyphenol oxidase da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke ɓoye, sa'an nan kuma an sanya quinone tare da amino acid ko peptide don samar da humus monomer.Saboda phenol, quinine, amino acid iri-iri, haɓakar juna ba iri ɗaya bane, don haka samuwar humus monomer shima ya bambanta.Ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban, waɗannan monomers suna ƙara taruwa don samar da kwayoyin halitta masu girma dabam.

2.2 Canjawar karafa masu nauyi yayin takin

sludge na birni yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kayan da ake amfani da su don takin gargajiya da fermentation saboda yana ɗauke da sinadirai masu yawa da kwayoyin halitta don haɓaka amfanin gona.Amma sludge na birni yakan ƙunshi ƙarfe masu nauyi, waɗannan ƙananan karafa gabaɗaya suna nufin mercury, chromium, cadmium, gubar, arsenic, da sauransu.Kwayoyin halitta, musamman kwayoyin cuta da fungi, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen canza yanayin karafa masu nauyi.Ko da yake wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya canza kasancewar ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin muhalli, sanya sinadarai su zama masu guba da haifar da mummunar matsalolin muhalli, ko tattara ƙarfe mai nauyi, kuma su taru ta hanyar sarkar abinci.Amma wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya taimakawa wajen inganta muhalli ta hanyar cire ƙananan karafa daga muhalli ta hanyar kai tsaye da ayyuka na kai tsaye.Canjin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na HG ya haɗa da abubuwa guda uku, watau methylation na mercury inorganic (Hg₂+), raguwar mercury inorganic (Hg₂+) zuwa HG0, bazuwar, da rage methylmercury da sauran mahadi na mercury zuwa HG0.Waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke iya juyar da mercury inorganic da na halitta zuwa mercury na asali ana kiran su ƙwayoyin mercury-resistant microorganisms.Ko da yake ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ba za su iya ƙasƙantar da karafa masu nauyi ba, za su iya rage gubar karafa masu nauyi ta hanyar sarrafa hanyar canza su.

2.3 Takin zamani da tsarin fermentation

Takin zamani wani nau'i ne na daidaita sharar gida, amma yana buƙatar zafi na musamman, yanayin iska, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta don samar da yanayin zafi mai kyau.Ana tsammanin zafin jiki ya fi 45 ° C (kimanin digiri Fahrenheit 113), yana kiyaye shi sosai don hana ƙwayoyin cuta da kashe iri iri.Adadin ruɗuwar kwayoyin halitta da suka saura bayan takin mai ma'ana yana da ƙasa, in mun gwada da karko, kuma mai sauƙin shukawa.Ana iya rage warin sosai bayan takin.

Tsarin takin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban.Saboda canji a cikin albarkatun ƙasa da yanayi, adadin ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri suma suna canzawa akai-akai, don haka babu ƙwayoyin cuta koyaushe suna mamaye tsarin takin.Kowane mahalli yana da ƙayyadaddun al'umma na ƙayyadaddun ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma bambance-bambancen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna ba da damar takin don guje wa rushewar tsarin ko da yanayin waje ya canza.

Ana aiwatar da tsarin takin ne ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda shine babban jikin takin fermentation.Kwayoyin da ke da hannu a cikin takin sun fito ne daga tushe guda biyu: adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin cuta da suka riga sun kasance a cikin sharar kwayoyin halitta, da kuma inoculum na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.A karkashin wasu yanayi, waɗannan nau'ikan suna da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi don lalata wasu sharar gida kuma suna da halayen aiki mai ƙarfi, saurin yaduwa, da saurin ruɓewar kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya hanzarta aiwatar da takin, yana rage lokacin ɗaukar takin.

Gabaɗaya ana raba takin zamani zuwa takin iska da takin anaerobic iri biyu.Aerobic takin ne tsarin bazuwar kwayoyin a karkashin yanayi aerobic yanayi, da kuma na rayuwa kayayyakin ne yafi carbon dioxide, ruwa, da zafi;Takin anaerobic shine tsarin rugujewar kayan halitta a ƙarƙashin yanayin anaerobic, metabolites na ƙarshe na bazuwar anaerobic shine methane, carbon dioxide da matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, irin su Organic acid.

Babban nau'in microbial da ke cikin tsarin takin shine kwayoyin cuta, fungi, da actinomycetes.Waɗannan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku duk suna da ƙwayoyin cuta mesophilic da ƙwayoyin cuta na hyperthermophilic.

A yayin aiwatar da takin, yawan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun canza a madadin kamar haka: ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan zafin jiki sun canza zuwa matsakaici da matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma matsakaici da matsanancin zafi na ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun canza zuwa matsakaici da ƙananan zafin jiki.Tare da tsawaita lokacin takin, ƙwayoyin cuta suna raguwa sannu a hankali, actinomycetes sun ƙaru a hankali, kuma mold da yisti a ƙarshen takin sun ragu sosai.

Tsarin fermentation na takin halitta ana iya raba shi zuwa matakai huɗu:

2.3.1 A lokacin dumama mataki

A lokacin matakin farko na takin zamani, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin takin sun fi dacewa da matsakaicin zafin jiki da yanayi mai kyau, waɗanda aka fi sani da su sune ƙwayoyin cuta marasa spore, ƙwayoyin cuta, da mold.Suna fara aiwatar da fermentation na takin, kuma suna lalata kwayoyin halitta (kamar sukari mai sauƙi, sitaci, furotin, da dai sauransu) da ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi mai kyau, suna samar da zafi mai yawa da ci gaba da haɓaka yawan zafin jiki na takin, tashi daga Kimanin 20 ° C (kimanin digiri 68 Fahrenheit) zuwa 40 ° C (kimanin digiri 104 Fahrenheit) ana kiransa matakin febrile, ko matsakaicin zafin jiki.

2.3.2 A lokacin zafi mai zafi

Kwayoyin ɗumi a hankali suna ɗauka daga nau'in dumi kuma zafin jiki yana ci gaba da tashi, yawanci sama da 50 ° C (kimanin digiri Fahrenheit 122) a cikin 'yan kwanaki, zuwa cikin yanayin zafi mai girma.A cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi, kyawawan actinomycetes zafi da naman gwari mai zafi sun zama babban nau'in.Suna rushe hadadden kwayoyin halitta a cikin takin, kamar cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, da sauransu.Zafin yana ƙaruwa kuma zafin takin yana ƙaruwa zuwa 60 ° C (kimanin digiri Fahrenheit 140), wannan yana da matukar mahimmanci don hanzarta aikin takin.Rashin takin da ba daidai ba na takin, kawai ɗan gajeren lokacin zafi mai zafi, ko kuma babu yawan zafin jiki, sabili da haka jinkirin balaga, a cikin rabin shekara ko fiye da lokaci ba rabin balagagge ba.

2.3.3 A lokacin sanyaya lokaci

Bayan wani lokaci a lokacin yanayin zafi mai zafi, yawancin ƙwayoyin cellulose, hemicellulose, da pectin sun lalace, sun bar baya da wuyar lalacewa (misali lignin) da sabon humus da aka kafa, ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun ragu. kuma yanayin zafi ya ragu a hankali.Lokacin da zafin jiki ya faɗi ƙasa da 40 ° C (kimanin digiri Fahrenheit 104), ƙwayoyin cuta na mesophilic sun zama nau'in mafi girma.

Idan matakin sanyaya ya zo da wuri, yanayin takin bai dace ba kuma lalata kayan shuka bai isa ba.A wannan lokaci na iya jujjuya tari, haɗaɗɗun kayan abu, don ya samar da dumama na biyu, dumama, don haɓaka takin.

2.3.4 Matakin adana balaga da taki

Bayan yin takin, ƙarar ta na raguwa kuma zafin takin ya ragu kaɗan fiye da zafin iska, sannan a danne takin da ƙarfi, wanda zai haifar da yanayin anaerobic da raunana ma'adinan kwayoyin halitta, don kiyaye taki.

A takaice dai, tsarin fermentation na takin gargajiya shine tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta da haifuwa.Tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta shine tsarin lalata kwayoyin halitta.Rushewar kwayoyin halitta yana samar da makamashi, wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin takin, yana tayar da zafin jiki, kuma yana bushewa da rigar substrate.

 
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